PhilosophersRobert Nozick

Robert Nozick

In his lectures he devised a case where one is responsible without having been able to do otherwise, before Frankfurt published his.

Analytic philosophy1938 · 2002 United StatesNew York (Brooklyn)

Life

American philosopher (1938-2002), professor at Harvard. His book Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) argues that individuals have rights no one may violate and that only a minimal state is justified. He also wrote on knowledge, free will and the meaning of life.

Main works

1974
Anarchy, State, and Utopia

Individual rights limit what the state may do; only a minimal state is justified.

1981
Philosophical Explanations

Essays on personal identity, knowledge, free will and the value of life.

1989
The Examined Life

More personal reflections on love, death, happiness and meaning.

In his own words

« Individuals have rights and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights). »
Anarchy, State, and Utopia, préface (1974), p. ix

Positions

click a row to see the evidence
Are we truly free?Freedom
Determinism (no free will)Free will
Interpretation

He takes seriously that free choices are not fully fixed by prior causes and tries to make room for self-originated choice.

Nozick, Philosophical Explanations (1981), ch. 4

What makes an action good?Basis of morality
Duty (deontology)Consequences (consequentialism)Character (virtue ethics)Other (divine law, relationships, value creation…)

Individuals have rights that act as side constraints: they may not be violated even to produce better outcomes.

Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)

Who comes first: the individual or the community?Individual and society
Community, order, traditionIndividual liberty
Stated

Only a minimal state limited to protection against force and fraud is justified; more violates individual rights.

Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)