PhilosophersAverroès (Ibn Rushd)

Averroès (Ibn Rushd)

Truth cannot contradict truth: philosophy and faith agree.

Falsafa (Arabic Aristotelianism) · Aristotelianism1126 – 1198 SpainPhilosopher (falsafa)Commentator on AristotleJudge (qadi) and juristPhysician
فإن الحق لا يضاد الحق، بل يوافقه ويشهد له
Truth does not oppose truth: it agrees with it and bears witness to it. The Decisive Treatise.
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أعني أن الحكمة هي صاحبة الشريعة والأخت الرضيعة
I mean that philosophy is the companion of religion and its milk-sister. The Decisive Treatise.
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مثل من منع العطشان شرب الماء البارد العذب حتى مات من العطش، لأن قوماً غرقوا به فماتوا
Forbidding philosophy to someone capable of it is like preventing a thirsty man from drinking cool, sweet water until he dies of thirst, because some people have drowned in it. The Decisive Treatise.
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والعقل ليس هو شىء أكثر من ادراكه الموجودات باسبابها
Intellect is nothing other than the perception of things through their causes. The Incoherence of the Incoherence, 17.
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ويشبه أن يكون المختلفون في تأويل هذه المسائل العويصة إما مصيبين مأجورين، وإما مخطئين معذورين
In these difficult questions, those who disagree about interpretation are, it seems, either right and rewarded, or mistaken and excused. The Decisive Treatise.
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Misconceptions

False
Averroes invented the theory of "double truth": something can be true in philosophy and false according to faith.

He writes exactly the opposite: "truth does not oppose truth". When a demonstration contradicts the apparent meaning of a sacred text, it is the text that must be interpreted, not two truths that must be accepted. In the 13th century the accusation targeted Paris masters who read him, the "Latin Averroists", and historians doubt that even they held it in that form.

Nuanced
Averroes was a freethinker who placed reason above religion.

He was a Muslim judge and wrote to defend religion as much as philosophy. He gives demonstration the last word on how texts are to be read. But the principles of religion (God, prophecy, the future life) must be accepted by all, miracles surpass human understanding, and he even writes that heretics who deny these principles must be put to death.

Nuanced
Against al-Ghazali, Averroes defends Avicenna and the philosophers of Islam.

He mainly defends Aristotle. He often criticises Avicenna, several of whose proofs he judges merely "dialectical" (probable), and he writes that the metaphysical theories of the philosophers of Islam are, on some points, mere presumptions.