PhilosophersNāgārjuna

Nāgārjuna

All things are empty of inherent existence.

Buddhist philosophyvers 150 – 250 IndiaBuddhist philosopherFounder of the Middle Way school (Madhyamaka)DialecticianLittle-known life
IIe-IIIe s.
Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way (Mūlamadhyamakakārikā), 27 chapters essential

About 450 verses. The attribution to Nagarjuna is not disputed, but the author's life is legendary and the text comes to us through commentaries (Akutobhayā, Buddhapālita, Bhāviveka, Candrakīrti) and a Chinese translation of 409: the Sanskrit is partly reconstructed, and editions differ a little (especially in chapters 17, 18, 25 and 27). These are his own verses, not words reported by others: we therefore use the badge "written by the author", as for other ancient texts, while noting that we know nothing of how he circulated it.

Written and published by the author
IIe-IIIe s. ?
Averting the Arguments (Vigrahavyāvartanī), 70 verses and their commentary

Verses 1 to 20 give the objections of a realist opponent; verses 21 to 70 are Nagarjuna's reply. Attribution debated, though most scholars accept it (Lindtner counts it among his authentic works); a few place it outside the secure core, and the doubt bears mainly on the prose commentary, which may be by a later hand. The Sanskrit survives in one manuscript, completed by the Tibetan. Bhattacharya's English is digitised incompletely (commentary cut).

Authenticity disputed
?
Other attributed texts (Yuktiṣaṣṭikā, Śūnyatāsaptati, Ratnāvalī, Suhṛllekha…)

The list of authentic works is debated. None is in our corpus.

Authenticity disputed
VIIe s.
Prasannapadā, Candrakīrti's commentary

A commentary on the Verses by Candrakīrti (7th c.). This is not Nagarjuna: we quote it only as an early reading.

Text by another author